The BoxA we provide has no difference from the sequence of the human or mouse HMGB1, and as a self-antigen elicits very low immunological responses. If you need large amounts of BoxA for preclinical studies, please enquire for special prices at info@hmgbiotech.com. Large amounts of BoxA can also be provided on a collaborative basis. BoxA protects against sepsis in a mouse peritonitis model (Yang et al. Reversing established sepsis with antagonists of endogenous high-mobility group box 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101: 296-301), and from hepatitis in a mouse model of HBV infection (Sitia et al. Treatment with HMGB1 inhibitors diminishes CTL-induced liver disease in HBV transgenic mice. J Leukoc Biol 2007, 81:100-7). Dendritic cells promote their own maturation and T cell proliferation, survival and Th1 differentiation by secreting HMGB1, and BoxA inhibits these activities (Dumitriu et al. Release of HMGB1 by dendritic cells controls T cell activation via the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). J Immunol 2005, 174:7506-15). BoxA also inhibits the chemotactic activity of HMGB1 and the mitogenic activity of HMGB1 on stem cells. BoxA from HMGB1 is produced in E.coli from an expression plasmid coding for the unmodified mammalian sequence, which is totally identical in human and mouse (Müller et al. Thermodynamics of HMGB1 interaction with duplex DNA. Biochemistry 2001, 40: 10254-61).